Thinking, memory and concentration

Understand the difference between a symptom description, a functional cognitive diagnosis and other possible contributors that still need assessment.

Thinking, memory and concentration

People use terms such as brain fog, forgetfulness, mental slowing, word-finding difficulty and poor concentration to describe many different experiences. Functional cognitive disorder is a specific clinical diagnosis; it is not another name for every cognitive symptom reported by someone with FND.

What to do next: Begin with the words you use for the difficulty, then note whether a clinician has given it a separate diagnosis.

Important limit: This page can help organise information. It cannot determine why an individual's thinking or memory has changed.

Sources and review information

Status: Owner released - source checked

Evidence check: Mapped to checked master-register claims

Jurisdiction: UK

Last checked: Check the linked live source

Prepared by: Project editorial team

Owner release date: 2026-07-22

Independent review: Not independently reviewed

Corrections: Use the site correction route without including personal health information.

WHO ICD-11 2026 — World Health Organization. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, 2026-01 release.
FND subtypes and shared mechanisms — Hallett M, Aybek S, Dworetzky BA, McWhirter L, Staab JP, Stone J. Functional neurological disorder: new subtypes and shared mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(6):537-550.
Diagnosis and management of FND — Aybek S, Perez DL. Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2022;376:o64.
WHO ICD-11 CDDR — World Health Organization. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic requirements for ICD-11 mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders. Geneva: WHO; 2024.
Functional cognitive disorders review — McWhirter L, Ritchie C, Stone J, Carson A. Functional cognitive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(2):191-207.
FCD diagnostic checklist study — Cabreira V, et al. Development of a diagnostic checklist to identify functional cognitive disorder versus other neurocognitive disorders. BMJ Neurol Open. 2025;7:e000918.
Sleep and FND meta-analysis — Kannan S, et al. Sleep disorders in functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2025;46(4):1573-1580.
Overall FND comorbidities review — Guilhem Carle-Toulemonde, Julie Goutte, Nathalie Do-Quang-Cantagrel et al. Overall comorbidities in functional neurological disorder: A narrative review. Encephale. 2023;49(4S):S24-S32.
Cognition across FND, fibromyalgia and CFS — Tiago Teodoro, Mark J Edwards, Jeremy D Isaacs A unifying theory for cognitive abnormalities in functional neurological disorders, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(12):1308-1319.
FND manifestations and comorbidities survey — Alexandra Ducroizet, Ioanna Zimianti, Dawn Golder et al. Functional neurological disorder: Clinical manifestations and comorbidities; an online survey. J Clin Neurosci. 2023;110:116-125.
International FND patient survey — Matthew Butler, Oliver Shipston-Sharman, Mathieu Seynaeve et al. International online survey of 1048 individuals with functional neurological disorder. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(11):3591-3602.
NICE ADHD guideline — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. NG87. Updated 13 September 2019.
Autonomic disorder boundary — Blitshteyn S, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and other common autonomic disorders are not functional neurologic disorders. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1490744.
NHS PoTS page — NHS. Postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS).

Last checked: 2026-07-16

Jurisdiction: UK

Prepared by: Project editorial team

Owner release date: 2026-07-22

Independent review: Not independently reviewed

Correction route: Report changed or inaccurate information without including personal health information.

The same words can point to different needs

A broad symptom description and a functional cognitive disorder diagnosis are not interchangeable.

Functional cognitive disorder: persistent cognitive symptoms with positive internal inconsistency identified in a clinical assessment.
Cognitive symptoms alongside FND: difficulties that may be affected by fatigue, pain, poor sleep, migraine, medicines, mood or another condition.
Separately diagnosable conditions: sleep disorders, migraine, mental-health conditions, ADHD, autonomic disorders, neurological disease and other conditions keep their own assessment routes.
Access needs: written information, extra time, reminders or supporter involvement can be discussed based on need without proving a diagnosis.

What to do next: Keep the symptom, any diagnosis and the practical support needed as three separate pieces of information.

Important limit: Shared symptoms do not show that two conditions are the same or that one caused the other.

Sources and review information

Status: Owner released - source checked

Evidence check: Mapped to checked master-register claims

Jurisdiction: UK

Last checked: Check the linked live source

Prepared by: Project editorial team

Owner release date: 2026-07-22

Independent review: Not independently reviewed

Corrections: Use the site correction route without including personal health information.

Functional cognitive disorders review — McWhirter L, Ritchie C, Stone J, Carson A. Functional cognitive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(2):191-207.
FCD diagnostic checklist study — Cabreira V, et al. Development of a diagnostic checklist to identify functional cognitive disorder versus other neurocognitive disorders. BMJ Neurol Open. 2025;7:e000918.
FND subtypes and shared mechanisms — Hallett M, Aybek S, Dworetzky BA, McWhirter L, Staab JP, Stone J. Functional neurological disorder: new subtypes and shared mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(6):537-550.
Sleep and FND meta-analysis — Kannan S, et al. Sleep disorders in functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2025;46(4):1573-1580.
Overall FND comorbidities review — Guilhem Carle-Toulemonde, Julie Goutte, Nathalie Do-Quang-Cantagrel et al. Overall comorbidities in functional neurological disorder: A narrative review. Encephale. 2023;49(4S):S24-S32.
Cognition across FND, fibromyalgia and CFS — Tiago Teodoro, Mark J Edwards, Jeremy D Isaacs A unifying theory for cognitive abnormalities in functional neurological disorders, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(12):1308-1319.
FND manifestations and comorbidities survey — Alexandra Ducroizet, Ioanna Zimianti, Dawn Golder et al. Functional neurological disorder: Clinical manifestations and comorbidities; an online survey. J Clin Neurosci. 2023;110:116-125.
International FND patient survey — Matthew Butler, Oliver Shipston-Sharman, Mathieu Seynaeve et al. International online survey of 1048 individuals with functional neurological disorder. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(11):3591-3602.
Internal symptom taxonomy — FND Symptoms Comprehensive Evidence Guide. Internal project research catalogue; 2026.
Diagnosis and management of FND — Aybek S, Perez DL. Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2022;376:o64.
Cautionary diagnostic notes — Perez DL, Aybek S, Popkirov S, et al. Cautionary notes on diagnosing functional neurologic disorder as a neurologist-in-training. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021;11(1):e72-e76.
NICE FND quality statement — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Quality statement 5: Functional neurological disorders in adults (QS198). 2021.
Positive-sign accuracy review — Patwal R, Jolly AJ, Kumar A, Yadav R, Desai G, Thippeswamy H. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs and investigations for functional weakness, sensory and movement disorders: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2023;168:111196.
Pain and FND meta-analysis — Steinruecke M, Mason I, Keen M, et al. Pain and functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JNNP. 2024;95(9):874-885.
Dissociation and FND meta-analysis — Campbell MC, et al. Dissociation and its biological and clinical associations in functional neurological disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open. 2023;9(1):e2.
Psychiatric comorbidities review — Victor German Patron, Yazmin Rustomji, Chadwick Yip et al. Psychiatric Comorbidities in Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder. Pract Neurol (Fort Wash Pa). 2022;21(3):71-75.
NICE adult depression guideline — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. NG222. 2022.
NICE PTSD guideline — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Post-traumatic stress disorder. NG116. 2018.
NICE ADHD guideline — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. NG87. Updated 13 September 2019.
Autonomic disorder boundary — Blitshteyn S, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and other common autonomic disorders are not functional neurologic disorders. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1490744.
NHS PoTS page — NHS. Postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS).
BPS FND psychology guidance — British Psychological Society. Functional Neurological Disorder: Neuropsychological and psychological management in children and adults. Division of Neuropsychology Policy Unit FND Working Group. 2024.
Wales FND national optimal pathway — NHS Wales Performance and Improvement, Neurological Conditions Network. National Optimal Pathway for Functional Neurological Disorder: adults aged 16 and over. March 2026.
UK community OT barriers — Nicholson C, Francis J, Nielsen G, Lorencatto F. Barriers and enablers to providing community-based occupational therapy to people with functional neurological disorder: an interview study with occupational therapists in the United Kingdom. Br J Occup Ther. 2022;85:262-273.
Journey to diagnosis and care — Pritomanova S, et al. The journey to diagnosis and care of functional neurological disorder. PLoS One. 2026;21:e0328321.

Assessment looks at the pattern and the whole context

A functional cognitive diagnosis is based on persistent symptoms and positive internal inconsistency within an appropriate clinical assessment. It is not made from a normal scan, a normal screening score or one memory result.

The clinician considers the history, day-to-day pattern, medicines, sleep, pain, fatigue, migraine, mood and other neurological or medical explanations.
Cognitive screening or neuropsychological testing may describe strengths, difficulties and patterns, but no single score proves functional cognitive disorder.
Tests should have a clear purpose, and the results conversation should explain what was found, what remains uncertain and what happens next.

What to do next: Ask what positive pattern supported the diagnosis, what other contributors were considered and what change would prompt reassessment.

Important limit: This page provides no memory test, score or home task. A normal result does not by itself exclude early neurological disease.

Sources and review information

Status: Owner released - source checked

Evidence check: Mapped to checked master-register claims

Jurisdiction: UK

Last checked: Check the linked live source

Prepared by: Project editorial team

Owner release date: 2026-07-22

Independent review: Not independently reviewed

Corrections: Use the site correction route without including personal health information.

WHO ICD-11 CDDR — World Health Organization. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic requirements for ICD-11 mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders. Geneva: WHO; 2024.
Diagnosis and management of FND — Aybek S, Perez DL. Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2022;376:o64.
Practical review for physicians — Bennett K, Diamond C, Hoeritzauer I, et al. A practical review of functional neurological disorder for the general physician. Clin Med (Lond). 2021;21(1):28-36.
Current concepts — Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A, et al. Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(9):1132-1141.
Positive-sign accuracy review — Patwal R, Jolly AJ, Kumar A, Yadav R, Desai G, Thippeswamy H. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs and investigations for functional weakness, sensory and movement disorders: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2023;168:111196.
Cautionary diagnostic notes — Perez DL, Aybek S, Popkirov S, et al. Cautionary notes on diagnosing functional neurologic disorder as a neurologist-in-training. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021;11(1):e72-e76.
Seizure semiology meta-analysis — Muthusamy S, Seneviratne U, Ding C, Phan TG. Using semiology to classify epileptic seizures vs psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a meta-analysis. Neurol Clin Pract. 2022;12(3):234-247.
Functional gait sign-based approach — Nonnekes J, Ruzicka E, Serranova T, Reich SG, Bloem BR, Hallett M. Functional gait disorders: a sign-based approach. Neurology. 2020;94(24):1093-1099.
NICE NG217 epilepsy diagnosis — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults: diagnosis and assessment (NG217). Updated 30 January 2025.
Functional cognitive disorders review — McWhirter L, Ritchie C, Stone J, Carson A. Functional cognitive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(2):191-207.
FCD diagnostic checklist study — Cabreira V, et al. Development of a diagnostic checklist to identify functional cognitive disorder versus other neurocognitive disorders. BMJ Neurol Open. 2025;7:e000918.
Motor and sensory FND lived experience — Bailey C, Tamasauskas A, Bradley-Westguard A, et al. What are the experiences of people with motor and sensory FND? A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Disabil Rehabil. 2025;47(1):1-15.
Explanation as treatment — Stone J, Carson A, Hallett M. Explanation as treatment for functional neurologic disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;139:543-553.
FND subtypes and shared mechanisms — Hallett M, Aybek S, Dworetzky BA, McWhirter L, Staab JP, Stone J. Functional neurological disorder: new subtypes and shared mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(6):537-550.
Sleep and FND meta-analysis — Kannan S, et al. Sleep disorders in functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2025;46(4):1573-1580.

Change and loss of independence still need attention

An existing FND or functional cognitive diagnosis should not be used to explain every present or future cognitive difficulty automatically. Progressive change, loss of independence, a substantial new pattern or new neurological signs need appropriate reassessment.

Describe what has changed rather than relying only on the existing label.
Keep coexisting diagnoses and medicine changes visible.
Use ordinary urgent or emergency routes for an acute or otherwise medically concerning change.

What to do next: Explain when the change began, whether it is continuing and which everyday tasks or safety decisions are now different.

Important limit: This is a calm reassessment boundary, not a dementia screen, diagnosis or emergency-triage result.

Sources and review information

Status: Owner released - source checked

Evidence check: Mapped to checked master-register claims

Jurisdiction: UK

Last checked: Check the linked live source

Prepared by: Project editorial team

Owner release date: 2026-07-22

Independent review: Not independently reviewed

Corrections: Use the site correction route without including personal health information.

FND subtypes and shared mechanisms — Hallett M, Aybek S, Dworetzky BA, McWhirter L, Staab JP, Stone J. Functional neurological disorder: new subtypes and shared mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(6):537-550.
Diagnosis and management of FND — Aybek S, Perez DL. Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2022;376:o64.
Cautionary diagnostic notes — Perez DL, Aybek S, Popkirov S, et al. Cautionary notes on diagnosing functional neurologic disorder as a neurologist-in-training. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021;11(1):e72-e76.
Epilepsy and functional seizures coexist — Kutlubaev MA, Xu Y, Hackett ML, Stone J. Dual diagnosis of epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;89:70-78.
Functional gait sign-based approach — Nonnekes J, Ruzicka E, Serranova T, Reich SG, Bloem BR, Hallett M. Functional gait disorders: a sign-based approach. Neurology. 2020;94(24):1093-1099.
Migraine and FND overlap — Stone J, Coebergh JA, Khoja L, et al. Migraine and functional neurological disorder: a review of comorbidity and potential overlap. Brain Commun. 2025;7(4):fcaf288.
Functional cognitive disorders review — McWhirter L, Ritchie C, Stone J, Carson A. Functional cognitive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(2):191-207.
FCD diagnostic checklist study — Cabreira V, et al. Development of a diagnostic checklist to identify functional cognitive disorder versus other neurocognitive disorders. BMJ Neurol Open. 2025;7:e000918.
Sleep and FND meta-analysis — Kannan S, et al. Sleep disorders in functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2025;46(4):1573-1580.
NICE NG127 referral — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected neurological conditions: recognition and referral (NG127). Updated 2 October 2023.
NICE FND quality statement — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Quality statement 5: Functional neurological disorders in adults (QS198). 2021.
Misdiagnosis in both directions — Walzl D, Carson AJ, Stone J. The misdiagnosis of functional disorders as other neurological conditions. J Neurol. 2019;266(8):2018-2026.
Iatrogenic harm in FND — McLoughlin C, et al. Iatrogenic harm in functional neurological disorder. Brain. 2025;148(1):27-38.
FMD with other neurological disease cohort — Michele Tinazzi, Christian Geroin, Roberto Erro et al. Functional motor disorders associated with other neurological diseases: Beyond the boundaries of "organic" neurology. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(5):1752-1758.
FMD in Parkinson's disease review — Monica M Kurtis, Isabel Pareés Functional movement disorder comorbidity in Parkinson's disease: Unraveling the web. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;82:138-145.

Support should match the identified problem

There is no single established best treatment for functional cognitive disorder. Care may instead focus on a clear explanation, practical strategies, occupational or psychological support, and separate treatment of sleep, pain, migraine, mood or another diagnosed condition.

The purpose of each treatment or support should be named.
Medicines may affect attention, fatigue or balance and should have a clear indication and review owner.
Early digital and psychological studies are feasibility work, not proof of a universal programme.

What to do next: Ask what the proposed support is intended to help, who owns it and how benefit or difficulty will be reviewed.

Important limit: This page does not rank treatments, recommend a medicine change or provide a universal cognitive programme.

Sources and review information

Status: Owner released - source checked

Evidence check: Mapped to checked master-register claims

Jurisdiction: UK

Last checked: Check the linked live source

Prepared by: Project editorial team

Owner release date: 2026-07-22

Independent review: Not independently reviewed

Corrections: Use the site correction route without including personal health information.

Occupational therapy consensus — Nicholson C, Edwards MJ, Carson AJ, et al. Occupational therapy consensus recommendations for functional neurological disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91:1037-1045.
AAN clinician summary — American Academy of Neurology. Management of Functional Seizures: Clinician Summary. Practice guideline; December 2025.
BPS FND psychology guidance — British Psychological Society. Functional Neurological Disorder: Neuropsychological and psychological management in children and adults. Division of Neuropsychology Policy Unit FND Working Group. 2024.
Scotland FND pathway — NHS Scotland Centre for Sustainable Delivery. Functional Neurological Disorder pathway. Current at 14 July 2026.
Practical management review — Dworetzky BA, Baslet G. Functional neurological disorder: practical management. Neurotherapeutics. 2025;22:e00612.
NHS England FND minimum services — NHS England. Annex A: Specialised Neurology Service Specification—Minimum Services for Neurology Subspecialties. August 2025.
Pain and FND meta-analysis — Steinruecke M, Mason I, Keen M, et al. Pain and functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JNNP. 2024;95(9):874-885.
Sleep and FND meta-analysis — Kannan S, et al. Sleep disorders in functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2025;46(4):1573-1580.
Migraine and FND overlap — Stone J, Coebergh JA, Khoja L, et al. Migraine and functional neurological disorder: a review of comorbidity and potential overlap. Brain Commun. 2025;7(4):fcaf288.
FCD digital self-help feasibility — Cabreira V, Frostholm L, Stone J, Carson A. Feasibility trial of a self-help digital intervention for functional cognitive disorder. Brain Commun. 2025;7:fcaf248.
ACT for FCD feasibility RCT — Poole N, Cope S, Vanzan S, et al. Randomised controlled feasibility trial of online group acceptance and commitment therapy for functional cognitive disorder. BJPsych Open. 2025;11(3):e91.
Functional cognitive disorder review — Pennington C, Newson M, Hayre A, Coulthard E. Functional cognitive disorder: what is it and what to do about it? Pract Neurol. 2015;15(6):436-444.
FCD international consensus — Cabreira V, Alty J, Antic S, et al. Perspectives on the diagnosis and management of functional cognitive disorder: an international Delphi study. Eur J Neurol. 2025;32(1):e16318.
Wales FND national optimal pathway — NHS Wales Performance and Improvement, Neurological Conditions Network. National Optimal Pathway for Functional Neurological Disorder: adults aged 16 and over. March 2026.
UK community OT barriers — Nicholson C, Francis J, Nielsen G, Lorencatto F. Barriers and enablers to providing community-based occupational therapy to people with functional neurological disorder: an interview study with occupational therapists in the United Kingdom. Br J Occup Ther. 2022;85:262-273.
Journey to diagnosis and care — Pritomanova S, et al. The journey to diagnosis and care of functional neurological disorder. PLoS One. 2026;21:e0328321.

Prepare the next contact without testing yourself

A short description in your own words can make the next conversation more useful without turning the page into a memory test.

Describe the difficulty and one everyday task it interrupts.
Note when it began, whether it is stable or changing and situations that make it easier or harder.
List relevant diagnoses, medicines, sleep, pain, fatigue or migraine information already known.
Record the explanation already given, what remains uncertain and the practical support that would help at an appointment.

What to do next: Use Treatment and living to prepare questions, or Find help to understand available information and assessment routes.

Important limit: Preparation cannot establish the cause, exclude another condition or replace individual assessment.

Sources and review information

Status: Owner released - source checked

Evidence check: Mapped to checked master-register claims

Jurisdiction: UK

Last checked: Check the linked live source

Prepared by: Project editorial team

Owner release date: 2026-07-22

Independent review: Not independently reviewed

Corrections: Use the site correction route without including personal health information.

Functional cognitive disorders review — McWhirter L, Ritchie C, Stone J, Carson A. Functional cognitive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(2):191-207.
FCD diagnostic checklist study — Cabreira V, et al. Development of a diagnostic checklist to identify functional cognitive disorder versus other neurocognitive disorders. BMJ Neurol Open. 2025;7:e000918.
Motor and sensory FND lived experience — Bailey C, Tamasauskas A, Bradley-Westguard A, et al. What are the experiences of people with motor and sensory FND? A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Disabil Rehabil. 2025;47(1):1-15.
Explanation as treatment — Stone J, Carson A, Hallett M. Explanation as treatment for functional neurologic disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;139:543-553.
Sleep and FND meta-analysis — Kannan S, et al. Sleep disorders in functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2025;46(4):1573-1580.
Cautionary diagnostic notes — Perez DL, Aybek S, Popkirov S, et al. Cautionary notes on diagnosing functional neurologic disorder as a neurologist-in-training. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021;11(1):e72-e76.
Misdiagnosis in both directions — Walzl D, Carson AJ, Stone J. The misdiagnosis of functional disorders as other neurological conditions. J Neurol. 2019;266(8):2018-2026.
NICE NG127 referral — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected neurological conditions: recognition and referral (NG127). Updated 2 October 2023.
NICE FND quality statement — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Quality statement 5: Functional neurological disorders in adults (QS198). 2021.
Practical management review — Dworetzky BA, Baslet G. Functional neurological disorder: practical management. Neurotherapeutics. 2025;22:e00612.
AAN clinician summary — American Academy of Neurology. Management of Functional Seizures: Clinician Summary. Practice guideline; December 2025.
NHS England FND minimum services — NHS England. Annex A: Specialised Neurology Service Specification—Minimum Services for Neurology Subspecialties. August 2025.
BPS FND psychology guidance — British Psychological Society. Functional Neurological Disorder: Neuropsychological and psychological management in children and adults. Division of Neuropsychology Policy Unit FND Working Group. 2024.
Wales FND national optimal pathway — NHS Wales Performance and Improvement, Neurological Conditions Network. National Optimal Pathway for Functional Neurological Disorder: adults aged 16 and over. March 2026.
UK community OT barriers — Nicholson C, Francis J, Nielsen G, Lorencatto F. Barriers and enablers to providing community-based occupational therapy to people with functional neurological disorder: an interview study with occupational therapists in the United Kingdom. Br J Occup Ther. 2022;85:262-273.
Journey to diagnosis and care — Pritomanova S, et al. The journey to diagnosis and care of functional neurological disorder. PLoS One. 2026;21:e0328321.